- 关于车的传动系统？
- 传动系统是什么？
- 求翻译成英文
- 求一篇外文及中文翻译。。。5000字，有关离合器变速箱的。多谢多谢，好的追加分
- 毕业论文外文翻译，自动化仓库或立体车库方面
- 帮忙翻译下汽车专业英语啊，请不要直接用翻译软件，谢谢哈，翻译好的话又追加分
CVT(CONSTANT VARIABLE TRAN***ISSION)技术即无级变速技术，它***用传动带和工作直径可变的主、从动轮相配合来传递动力，可以实现传动比的连续改变，从而得到传动系与发动机工况的最佳匹配。常见的无级变速器有液力机械式无级变速器和金属带式无级变速器（VDT-CVT），目前国内市场上***用CVT的车型已经越来越多。编辑本段无级变速器和自动变速器的渊源
自动变速器是为了简便操作、降低驾驶疲劳而生的，按齿轮变速系统的控制方式，它可以分为液控液压自动变速器和电控液压自动变速器；按传动比的变化方式又可分为有级式自动变速器和无级式自动变速器。因此，无级变速器实际上是自动变速器的一种，但它比常见的自动变速器要复杂得多，技术上也更为先进。 无级变速器与常见的液压自动变速器最大的不同是在结构上，后者是由液压控制的齿轮变速系统构成，还是有挡位的，它所能实现的是在两挡之间的无级变速，而无级变速器则是两组变速轮盘和一条传动带组成的，比传统自动变速器结构简单，体积更小。另外，它可以自由改变传动比，从而实现全程无级变速，使车速变化更为平稳，没有传统变速器换挡时那种“顿”的感觉。编辑本段无级变速器分类
为实现无级变速，按传动方式可***用液体传动、电力传动和机械传动三种方式。
液体传动
液体传动分为两类：一类是液压式，主要是由泵和马达组成或者由阀和泵组成的变速传动装置，适用于中小功率传动。另一类为液力式，***用液力耦合器或液力矩进行变速传动，适用于大功率（几百至几千千瓦）。 液体传动的主要特点是：调速范围大，可吸收冲击和防止过载，传动效率较高，寿命长，易于实现自动化：制造精度要求高，价格较贵，输出特性为恒转矩，滑动率较大，运转时容易发生漏油。
电力传动
电力传动基本上分为三类：一类是电磁滑动式，它是在异步电动机中安装一电磁滑差离合器，通过改变其励磁电流来调速，这属于一种较为落后的调速方式。其特点结构简单，成本低，操作维护方便：滑动最大，效率低，发热严重，不适合长期负载运转，故一般只用于小功率传动。 二类是直流电动机式，通过改变磁通或改变电枢电压实现调速。其特点是调速范围大，精度也较高，但设备复杂，成本高，维护困难，一般用于中等功率范围（几十至几百千瓦），现已逐步被交流电动机式替代。 三类是交流电动机式，通过变极、调压和变频进行调速。实际应用最多者为变频调速，即***用一变幅器获得变幅电源，然后驱动电动机变速。其特点是调速性能好、范围大、效率较高，可自动控制，体积小，适用功率范围宽：机械特性在降速段位恒转矩，低速时效率低且运转不够平稳，价格较高，维修需专业人员。近年来，变频器作为一种先进、优良的变速装置迅速发展，对机械无级变速器产生了一定的冲击。
机械传动
机械传动的特点主要是：转速稳定，滑动率小，工作可靠，具有恒功率机械特性，传动效率较高，而且结构简单，维修方便，价格相对便宜；但零部件加工及润滑要求较高，承载能力较低，抗过载及耐冲击性较差，故一般适合于中、小功率传动。CONSTANT VARIABLE TRAN***ISSION (CVT) technology that is stepless speed technology, it USES belt and the work of the Lord diameters driven pulley, cooperated with the power to deliver, can realize the TRAN***ISSION ratio of the continuous change, and get the TRAN***ISSION and engine condition the best match between. Common step-less tran***ission h***e hydraulic mechanical step-less tran***ission and belt type step-less tran***ission (VDT-CVT), the current domestic market of the CVT vehicles already more and more. Editor this section step-less tran***ission and the origin of the automatic tran***ission
Automatic tran***ission is easy to operate, reduce fatigue driving, born of the gear drive system, the control method, it can be divided into the hydraulic controlled hydraulic and electric automatic tran***ission hydraulic automatic tran***ission; According to the change of the tran***ission way and can be divided into h***e levels of automatic tran***ission and no levels of automatic tran***ission. Therefore, step-less tran***ission is actually a kind of automatic tran***ission, but it than common automatic tran***ission is much more complex, more advanced technologies. Step-less tran***ission and common hydraulic automatic tran***ission of the biggest differences is on the structure, the latter is by hydraulic control gear drive system structure, still h***e the gears, it can be realized in between the two block is continuously variable tran***ission (evt), and is two groups plate and a belt speed of than traditional automatic tran***ission, simple structure, ***aller. In addition, it is free to change gear ratios, so as to realize the full speed stepless speed change, make more ***oothly, without the traditional tran***ission shift at the "" feeling. Editor this section step-less tran***ission classification
To realize stepless speed, driving mode can be adopted according to the liquid tran***ission, power tran***ission and mechanical drive three ways.
Liquid tran***ission
Liquid tran***ission is divided into two kinds: one kind is hydraulic, mainly is composed by the pump and motor or the valve and pump variable speed of tran***ission device, ***ly to ***all and medium-sized power tran***ission. Another kind is hydraulic type, adopts hydraulic coupler or hydraulic torque of variable speed drive, used in high power (kw). To hundreds of thousands of The main characteristics of liquid tran***ission is: speed range, can absorb the impact and big to prevent tran***ission efficiency high, overload, long life, easy to realize automation: manufacturing precision demand is high, the price is more expensive, output characteristics for constant torque, sliding rate is bigger, running vulnerable to leak.
Power tran***ission
Power tran***ission basically is divided into three categories: one kind is electromagnetic sliding type, it is in the asynchronous motor installed in electromagnetic clutch, sliding by changing its exciter current to speed, this belongs to a kind of relatively backward speed adjustment way. The characteristics of simple structure, low cost, convenient operation and maintenance, sliding, low efficiency, biggest fever, not suitable for long-term serious load operation, the general used only for ***all power tran***ission. Second is the dc motor type, changes in the magnetic flux or change the armature voltage realize the speed. Its characteristic is speed range, high precision, large and complex, high cost but equipment, maintenance difficulties, are used for medium power range (dozens to hundreds of kw), has gradually been ac motor type instead. Three kinds of ac motor type is, through the change pole, pressure control and frequency conversion for the speed. The most practical ***lication for variable frequency speed regulation, namely deserve using a horns, and then get luffing power drive motor variable speed. Its characteristic is the speed performance is good, range, high efficiency, it can automatic control, ***all volume, it is suitable for a wide range of power: mechanical properties in single reducing speed constant torque, low efficiency and low speed running ***ooth enough, the price is higher, maintenance should be professional. In recent years, frequency converter as an advanced, excellent variable speed device rapid development of machinery, step-less tran***ission produced a certain impact.
Mechanical tran***ission
The main characteristic of the mechanical tran***ission is stable, rotate speed sliding rate, reliable, and has ***all constant power mechanical properties, the tran***ission efficiency is high, and simple structure, convenient maintenance, the price is relatively cheap; But parts processing and lubrication to demand higher bearing capacity, low resistance, resistance to impact overload and poor, so general suitable for medium and ***all power tran***ission. 已发送，望***纳
关于车的传动系统？
汽车的传动系统原理 汽车传动系统的原理：1、AT传动系统的结构与手动挡相比，在结构和使用上有很大的不同。手动挡主要由齿轮和轴组成，通过不同的齿轮组合产生变速变矩；2、而AT传动系统是由液力变矩器、行星齿轮和液压操纵系统组成，通过液力传递和齿轮组合的方式来达到变速变矩。其中液力变矩器是AT传动系统最具特点的部件，它由泵轮、涡轮和导轮等构件组成，它直接输入发动机动力并传递转矩，同时具有离合作用；3、泵轮和涡轮是一对工作组合，它们就好似相对放置的两台风扇，一台风扇吹出的风力会带动另一台风扇的叶片旋转，风力成了动能传递的媒介；4、如果用液体代替空气成为传递动能的媒介，泵轮就会通过液体带动涡轮旋转，再在泵轮和涡轮之间加上导轮，通过反作用力使泵轮和涡轮之间实现转速差就可以实现变速变矩了。 @2019
传动系统是什么？
按发动机 相对于各总成的位置，汽车传动系有下列5种布置形式
1）发动机 前置后轮驱动（FR）：Front-engine Rear-drive
·特点：是传统的布置形式，大多数货车、部分轿车和客车***用。
2）发动机 前置前轮驱动（FF）：Front-engine Front-drive
·特点：是在轿车上逐渐盛行的布置形式，具有结构紧凑、减小轿车的质量、降低地板的高度、改善高速时的操纵稳定性等优点。
3）发动机 中置后轮驱动（MR） Middle-engine Rear-drive
·特点：是目前大多数运动型轿车和方程式赛车所***用的布置形式。
4）发动机 后置后轮驱动（RR）： Rear-engine Rear-drive
·特点：目前大、中型客车盛行的布置形式，具有降低室内噪声、有利于车身内部布置等优点。
5）全轮驱动（nWD） 4Wheel Drive
·特点：有多个驱动桥，在变速器后加了一个分动器，其作用是把变速器输出的动力经几套万向传动装置分别传给所有的驱动桥，并可以进一步降速增扭。
求翻译成英文
传动系统一般由离合器、变速器、万向传动装置、主减速器、差速器和半轴等组成。其基本功用是将发动机发出的动力传给汽车的驱动车轮，产生驱动力，使汽车能在一定速度上行驶。传动系统的作用如下：1、实现降速增矩：发动机转速高而相应的转矩（牵引力）小，汽车驱动轮无法直接与发动机相连接，而要通过传动系统降低转速、增加转矩。2、保证汽车能倒车行驶：汽车在某些情况下需倒车，因发动机不能倒转，这需要通过变速器的倒档实现。3、在必要时中断动力的传递：起动发动机或汽车换档、制动时都要暂时中断动力的传递，此功能由离合器实现。在汽车长时间停车，或汽车虽停车但发动机还不熄火的情况下，都要求传动系统较长时间保持中断，这个功能由变速器的空档实现。4、实现两侧驱动轮差速转动：汽车转弯时，两侧车轮通过的距离不相等，外侧车轮应比内侧车轮转得快，由差速器来实现。
求一篇外文及中文翻译。。。5000字，有关离合器变速箱的。多谢多谢，好的追加分
Sludge filter press virtual design Abstract This paper finishing the current ***lied to the belt filter press dewatering theory and design experience, based on the theoretical and empirical design a bandwidth of 2000mm belt sludge filter press. Belt sludge filter press drivetrain and powertrain systems design. Design the main content of the system layout, tran***ission mode, the motor bearing selection. Topics include: 1, the drive mechani*** design: tran***ission design, tran***ission ratio calculation, motor and reducer selection of roller chain drive design, sprocket design. 2, tran***ission parts: gear calculation chain drive. 3 bodies, parts virtual design: part modeling based on Pro / E, the whole virtual assembly, kinematic simulation. 4, complete the drawings: Institutional General Plan, gears, chain parts diagram. 5 to complete the foreign language translation. Sorted out through the theoretical and empirical, ***lied to the actual designs, try to design a processing capability, low cost, practical belt sludge filter press. Keywords: belt sludge filter press, tran***ission design, kinematic simulation, engineering drawings
毕业论文外文翻译，自动化仓库或立体***方面
离合器位于发动机与变速器之间，是发动机与变速器动力传递的“开关”，它是一种既能传递动力，又能切断动力的传动机构。它的作用主要是保证汽车能平稳起步，变速换
双离合变速箱(DCT)
挡时减轻变速齿轮的冲击载荷并防止传动系过载。在一般汽车上，汽车换档时通过离合器分离与接合实现，在分离与接合之间就有动力传递暂时中断的现象。这在普通汽车上没有什么影响，但在争分夺秒的赛车上，如果离合器掌握不好动力跟不上，车速就会变慢，影响成绩。
为了解决这个问题，早在上世纪80年代，汽车工程界就弄出了一个双离合系统变速器，简称DSG（英文全称：Direct Shift Gearbox），装配在赛车上，能消除换档离合时的动力传递停滞现象。例如 布加迪EBl6.4 Veyron的新型7速变速器是装置了双离合器，从一个档位换到另一个档位，时间不会超过0.2秒。现在，这种双离合器已经从赛车应用到一般跑车上。奥迪汽车公司的新型奥迪TT跑车和新奥迪A3都已经装置了这种DSG。这些汽车装配DSG的目的是可以比自动变速器更加平顺地换档，不会有迟滞现象。
编辑本段
结构
双离合变速箱（DCT）也称直接换挡变速箱（DSG）。算下来它也有近70年的历史，但很长一段时间内这种变速箱并不为人所知，而真正应用在量产车上也是不久以前的事情。双离合变速箱优势很明显，但其内部结构相比下非常复杂。首先它有两组离合器分别由电子控制并由液压系统推动，而两组离合器分别对应两组行星齿轮，这样传动轴也相应复杂的被分为两部分，中心的实心传动轴负责一组齿轮，而空心传动轴负责另一组。可见双离合的内部构造几乎彻底颠覆了传统的变速箱形式。
双离合变速箱的工作原理可以简单理解为一个离合器对应奇数挡，另一离合器对应偶数挡。当车辆挂入一个挡位时，另一个离合器及对应的下一个挡位已经位于预备状态，只要当
双离合变速箱(DCT)
前挡位分离就可以立刻接合下一个挡位，因此双离合变速箱的换挡速度要比一般的自动变速箱甚至手动变速箱还快。此外双离合变速箱虽然内部复杂，但实际体积和重量相比自动变速箱而言并没有比手动变速箱增加多少，因此装备双离合变速箱的车型不会为自己平添过多的负担。
目前国内在售的装备双离合变速箱的车型屈指可数，具代表性的是大众旗下的迈腾、GTI、EOS以及尚酷，而装备双离合变速箱的速腾及朗逸也会在不久的将来上市。此外沃尔沃S40也有双离合版本。而保时捷的众多车型也都***用了双离合变速箱。
奥迪这种双离合系统变速器是一个整体，有6个档位，离合器与变速器装配在同一机构内，两个离合器互相配合工作。这好比喻一辆车有两套离合器，正司机控制一套，副司机控制另一套。正司机挂上1档松开离合踏板起步时，这时副司机也预先挂上2档但踩住离合踏板；当车速上来准备换档，正司机踩住离合踏板的同时副司机即松开离合踏板，2档开始工作。这样就省略了档位空置的一刹那，动力传递连续，有点象接力赛。双离合系统两套离合器传动系统，通过电脑控制协调工作。
当汽车正常行驶的时候，一个离合器与变速器中某一档位相连，将发动机动力传递到驱动轮；电脑根据汽车速度和转速对驾驶者的换档意图做出判断，预见性地控制另一个离合器与另一个档位的齿轮组相连，但仅处于准备状态，尚未与发动机动力相连。换档时第1个离合器断开，同时第2个离合器将所相连的齿轮组与发动机接合。除了空档之外，一个离合器处于关闭状态，另一个离合器则处于打开状态。
两根传动轴分别由第一、第二离合器控制与发动机动力的连接与断开，分别负责1、3、5档和2、4、6档的档位变换。考虑到零件使用寿命，设计人员选择了油槽膜片式离合器，离合器动作由液压系统来控制。
DSG变速器有什么优势呢？DSG变速器主要是要满足消费者对驾驶感觉和车辆节油的双重要求，为喜欢手动变速器的驾驶者提供了最佳选择。配备了DSG的发动机由于快速的齿轮转换能够马上产生牵引力和更大的灵活性，加速时间比手动变速器更加迅捷。
编辑本段
优点
动力传输连贯 效率较
缺点 结构复杂 现阶段制造成本较高
英文
The clutch is located in engine and tran***ission between engine and tran***ission power transfer "switch", it is a kind already can tran***it power, and can cut off power tran***ission mechani***. Its major functions is to guarantee the car can ***ooth start, variable speed change
Double on-off gearbox (DCT)
Block tran***ission gears when reduce the impact load and prevent tran***ission overload. In general bus, auto shift by clutch separation and joints when, in separation and realize between mating h***e power transfer temporary interruption phenomenon. In the ordinary bus no effect, but the clock in your car, if the clutch master bad power behind the speed will slow, affect scores.
In order to solve this problem, the early 1980s, the automotive engineering will make a double clutch system tran***ission, abbreviation vehicles.the (English name: Direct Shift Gearbox), assembly on the car, can eliminate shifting clutch of power transfer stagnation phenomenon. For example BuJiaDi EBl6.4 Veyron new 7 speed tran***ission is the device for double clutch, from a gear change to another gear, time can't exceed 0.2 seconds. Now, the double clutch has been ***lied to general from racing cars. Audi car company's new audi TT sports car and the new audi A3 h***e device the vehicles.the. These car assembly vehicles.the purpose is can more ***oothly than automatic tran***ission gear shift, won't h***e hysteresis phenomenon.
Editor this section
structure
Double on-off gearbox (DCT) also called directly shift gearbox (vehicles.the). Count down it also has the nearly 70 years of history, but for a very long time and this gearbox are unknown, and the genuine used in mass production car is not long ago things. Double on-off gearbox advantages obviously, but its internal structure by comparison is very complicated. First of all it has two clutches respectively by electronic control and push by hydraulic system, and two clutches corresponding two groups of planetary gear tran***ission, so also corresponding complex is divided into two parts, the center of solid shaft is responsible for a set of gear, and hollow shaft responsible for another group. Visible double re-rotating the internal structure of the almost overturned thoroughly traditional gearbox form.
The working principle of double on-off gearbox can be simple understanding for a clutch corresponding odd block, another clutch corresponding even block. When the vehicle hangs in a block, another clutch and corresponding next shift has been located in preparation condition, when
Double on-off gearbox (DCT)
Former gears separation is immediately jointing next shift gearbox, accordingly double on-off shift speed than the ***erage gearbox even manual gearbox faster. Besides double on-off gearbox although internal complex, but the actual volume and weight compared with automatic tran***ission character and not how much more than manual gearbox, therefore equipment double on-off gearbox models not ***ooth too burdensome for himself.
At present domestic in the sale equipment double on-off gearbox models numbered, representative is public its Wallace GTI, EOS leaps, and still cool and equipped with double on-off gearbox soar team and loungyee will also listed in the near future. In addition S40 also h***e double Volvo re-rotating version. And many of the cars are porsche adopted dual on-off gearbox.
Audi the double clutch system tran***ission is a whole, there h***e been six gear, clutch and tran***ission assembly at the same facility, two clutch cooperate each other work. This good metaphor a car had two sets of clutch, are driver control a set, vice driver control another set. Are the driver hang 1 file loosen clutch pedal started, the deputy drivers advance hang pot 2 but trample clutch pedal, When the speed up ready to shift and are driver trample clutch pedal while vice driver namely loosen clutch pedal, second gear began to work. Thus omitted rotary-switching empty flash, continuous power transfer, and a bit like the relay race. Double clutch system two sets of clutch tran***ission system, through computer control coordination work.
When the automobile driving in a normal, a clutch and tran***ission of a gear are linked together, the engine power transfer to the drive wheels, Computer based on the speed and speed for driver shifting intention judgement, foresight to control another clutch with another gear gears connected, but only is in the ready state, has not yet connected with engine power. Shift when first clutch disconnect, at the same time the first 2 clutch will h***e connected gears and engine joint. Besides, a clutch except gap is closed, another clutch is in the open.
Two root tran***ission shaft respectively by first and second clutch to control and engine power connection and disconnected, are respectively responsible for 1, 3, 5 files and 2, 4 and 6 shifting gear transform. Considering the parts service life, the designer chose tanker diaphragm type clutch, clutch action by the hydraulic system to control.
What's the advantage of vehicles.the tran***ission? Vehicles.the tran***ission is mainly to consumer demand for driving sensation and vehicle fuel-efficient double request, for manual tran***ission drivers like provides the best choice. Equipped with vehicles.the engine because of fast gear conversion can arise immediately traction and greater flexibility, acceleration time than manual tran***ission more quick.
Edit this paragraph
advantages
Power tran***ission coherent with higher efficiency
Editor this section
faults
帮忙翻译下汽车专业英语啊，请不要直接用翻译软件，谢谢哈，翻译好的话又追加分
Car parts
Engine
The engine is a power plant, which provides power to drive the automobile．
In most automobile engines，the explosive power of the mixture of air and gasoline drives the pistons．The pistons turn a crankshaft to which they are attached The rotating force of the crankshaft makes the automobile’s wheels turn．
Some automobiles are powered by another kind of engine，known as the rotary valve，rotating combustion engine or Wankel engine The rotary valve engine also draws in a mixture of air and fuel, which is then compressed and burnt．A motor revolving in an elliptical chamber is connected to a shaft，Which finally drives the rear wheels．In most automobiles．the engine is mounted at the front end of the car，with the clutch and gearbox immediately behind it；the engine, clutch and gearbox are assembled into a single unit
Suspension System
The function of the suspension system is to absorb vibrations due to the up and down motion of wheels．caused by the irregularities in the road surface . The springs, connecting linkages．and shock absorber comprise the suspension system of a vehicle．The suspension system is of two types:
(1)Rigid system
(2)Independent system
In the rigid system, the road springs are attached to a rigid beam axle. It is mostly used in the front axle of commercial vehicles and in the car axle of all types of vehicles.
The independent system does not h***e a rigid axle. Each wheel is free to move vertically without any reaction on its mating wheel. The independent system is mostly used in ***all cars
Power Train
The power train carries the power that the engine produces to the car wheels. It consists of the clutch (on cars with a manual tran***ission), tran***ission (a system of gears that increases the turning effort of the engine to move the automobile ),drive shaft, differential and rear axle.
Clutch
A clutch is required with the manual tran***ission system to temporarily disconnect the engine from wheels. Such disengagement of the power train from the engine is essential while changing the gear ratio or while stopping the vehicle.
Tran***ission
The main function of the tran***ission is to provide the necessary variation to the torque ***lied by the engine to the wheels. This is achieved by changing the gearing ratio between the engine output shaft and the drive shaft.
Drive Shaft
The drive shaft or propeller connects the gearbox and the differential unit. The drive shaft has universal joints at its ends．
Differential
The function of the differential is to split the power received from the propeller shaft to the rear axle shaft. It allows the rear wheels to be driven at different speeds when the vehicle takes a bend or falls into a ditch.
Axles
Axles are the shafts on which road wheels are mounted. The road wheels are provided with the required drive through these axles．
Wheel
The automobile wheels take the load of the vehicle and also produce tractive force to move the vehicle. The wheels are also used for retardation and for stopping the vehicle.
Steering System
The steering system is used for changing the direction of the vehicle .The major requirements in any steering mechani*** are that it should be precise and easy to handle, and that the front wheels should h***e a tendency to return to the straight-ahead position after a turn. A gear mechani***, which is known as steering gear, is used in this system to increase the steering effort provided by the driver. This system makes the vehicle steering very easy as the driver does not h***e to put in much effort．Vehicle steering is not only required on a curved road but also while maneuvering on the busy traffic roads．The steering system allows the vehicle to be guided i．e．to be turned left or right.
Braking System
Brakes are required for slowing down or stopping a moving vehicle．The braking system may be operated mechanically or hydraulically. 95 percent of the braking systems in use today are of the hydraulic type.
All brake consist of two members．one rotating and the other stationary．There are various means by which the two member call be brought in contact，thus reducing the speed of the vehicle.
The major components of the braking system are：brake pedal, master cylinder, wheel Cylinder, brake pipe，brake shoes．brake packing plant and linkages．As the load on the vehicle and the vehicle speed has increased according to recent trends．in modem days, the importance of the braking system has also increased and power brakes are now being preferred．Power brakes utilize vacuum and air pressure to provide most of the brake————***lying effort.
汽车部件
发动机
发动机是一种动力机械设备．它为汽车提供动力。
在大部分汽车发动机中．空气和汽油的混合气体产生的爆炸性能量驱动活动活塞运动。活塞使它们所连接的曲轴转动。曲轴的转动力量使汽车的车轮转动。
一些汽车是由另外一种发动机提供动力的，这种发动机被认为是旋转气门、旋转燃烧或汪克尔发动机。转子发动机也是吸入空气和燃料的混合气，混合气被压缩和燃烧?在一个椭圆形的室内旋转的发动机连接着一个轴，这个轴将最终驱动后面的车轮。大部分汽车中，发动机是架在汽车的前面末端的，离台器和变速箱在它后面，发动帆、离台器和变速箱被装配成一个整体。
发动机工作时有很多系统都是必要的。润滑系统可以减少摩擦并减轻发动机磨损。冷却系统被用来保持发动机的温度在安全范围内。发动机必须有燃油系统保证适当数量的空气和燃料供给。
空气和燃油混合物必须由点火系统在适当的时间在气缸内被点燃。最后，电子系统被用来控制启动发动机用的电动机和为发动机附件提供电能。
润滑系统
发动机有许多最终会被磨损的运动部件，因为它们是相对运动的。发动机使润滑油在这些运动的部件间循环，以避免因金属与金属之间的接触而导致磨损。被润滑过的部件能够因为摩擦减少而容易运动，因摩擦导致的能量损失是最小的。润滑油的第二个功能是作为冷却液和防止泄露。最后，气缸壁上的润滑油薄膜有助于活塞环密封并因此提高发动机的压缩性。
冷却系统
由于燃料与空气在气缸内燃烧，从而使发动机部件温度升高。温度升高直接影响发动机的性能和发动机部件的寿命。冷却系统使发动机工作保持在有效的温度。不管驾驶条件如何，发动机系统被设计成既能防止过热又能防止过冷。
燃料供给系统
燃料供给系统的主要功能是以一定的比例和压力给化油器或喷射系统提供燃料，并在汽车遇到的所有情况下，满足发动机对负载、速度和坡度的需要。燃料系统也必须为汽车行驶几英里保留足够的燃料。
身提供了一个安装框架。车架用方刚或盒形钢铁制造，有足够的强度支撑车身和其他构件的重量。汽车车架通常由一些焊接或铆接在一起的零件构成，从而形成最后的形状。发动机和橡胶垫被圈定在车架上。橡胶垫可以吸收振动，也可以提供这些振动的阻尼减轻乘客由于振动产生的不适。
悬架系统
悬架系统的功能是吸收由于路面不平使车轮上下运动所产生的振动。弹性元件、连接装置和减振器组成了汽车的悬架系统。悬架系统有两种类型：
(1)刚性悬架系统
(2)独立悬架系统
在刚性悬架系统中，弹簧被系在刚性横梁上，这种系统主要被用在商用车辆的前轴和所有类型车辆的车轴上。
独立悬架系统没有一根坚硬的轴。每个车架可以自由做垂直运动而相对应的另一侧车轮没有任何反应。独立悬架系统主要用在小汽车上。
传动系统
传动系把发动机产生的能量传递给车轮。它包括离台器(汽车上用手动变速器)、传动系(一系列的齿轮，把由发动机产生的转矩增强．推动汽车)、驱动轴、差速器和后挢。
离合器
离合器用于手动变速的传动系统。用它暂时把发动机和车轮之间的动力传递分开。当换档或停车时，把传动系和发动机的连接断开是很必要的。
变速籍
变速箱的主要功能是通过发动机把各种必需的扭矩提供给车轮，这是通过改变发动机输出轴和驱动轴两者之阃的传动比来实现的。
驱动轴
驱动轴或叫推动轴与齿轮箱和差动器相连。驱动轴通常在末端具有万向节。
差速器
差速器的功能是把来自传动轴的能量分给后轿。当汽车转弯或掉沟时，它允许后轮以不同的逮度驱动。
车轿
车桥是指用来安装车轮的轴，通过这些车桥向车轮提供必需的驱动力。
车轮
车轮支承着整辆车．并产生牵引力来驱动汽车。车轮也用于减速和停车。
转向系统
转向系统是用来改变汽车方向的，在任何转向机构中最主要的就是转向精确且容易控制，同时前轮在转向后又能自动回正。一个齿轮机构，通常认为是转向齿轮，在这个系统内用来增强由驾驶员提供的转向力，这个系统使得汽车转向非常容易，驾驶员不用费报大的力。不仅仅是在弯曲的公路上需要汽车转向，在交通拥挤的路上也需要巧妙地控制。转向系统使得汽车可以被控制向左或者向右转向。
制动系统
制动用来使车辆放慢速度或者停车。制动系统可以是机械制动或者液压制动。现在用的制动系统95％都是液压型的。
所有的制动系统都包含两种元件，一种是旋转零件，另一种是固定零件，有各种各样方法使得这两个元件相接触而使车辆减速。制动系统的主要组成部分：制动踏扳、主制动缸、车轮制动、制动鼓、制动管路、制动蹄、制动装备和联动装置。随着汽车负载和车速的增大，目前制动系统的重要性也在增大，并且现在人们更喜欢助力制动。助力制动利用真空和空气压力来提供更好的制动力。
就是分数少了点
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32.7 Springs serving also as torque and thrust members
32.7 弹簧还可以作为扭力和推力构件
This system, Fig. 32.3, known as the Hotchkiss drive, is the most widely used.
此系统被称为霍奇基斯传动，如图32.3 所示，它是最为广泛使用的传动装置。
The springs A are rigidly bolted to the axle casing B. Their front ends are pivoted in brackets on the frame or vehicle structure, and their rear ends connected to the structure by means of either swinging links, or shackles C. or simply sliding in brackets as in Figs 35.7 and 37.18.
弹簧A 被螺栓紧固在轴箱B 上。它们的前端使用枢轴链接方式固定在框架或车辆结构上的支架内， 后端则通过摇杆、钩链C 或仅在支架上活动与结构连接在一起，如示图35.7 和37.18。
Obviously torque reaction causes the springs to flex, or wind up, as shown exaggeratedly in Fig. 32.4.
很显然反作用扭力促使弹簧弯曲或收卷，如示图32.4。
Brake torque of course would flex them in the opposite direction.
制动扭力当然会反方向使它们弯曲。
Since the front ends of the springs are anchored to the pins on the structure, they will tran***it drive thrust and brake drag.
因为弹簧的前端部分被锚定在结构的销栓上，它们会传送驱动推力和制动阻力。
The freedom of their rear ends to move fore and aft of course allows for variations in the curvature, or camber, of the spring with vertical deflection.
它们后部的前后自由移动自然允许了弹簧垂直挠度的弯曲度和外倾角发生变化。
Wind-up of the springs under brake or drive torque causes the axle to rotate through a ***all angle, causing its nose either to lift, as in Fig. 32.4, or to drop.
在制动或驱动扭力的作用下，弹簧的收卷引发车桥小角度的转动，从而促使桥端尖端上升或下降，如示图32.4。
In the illustration, the spring wind-up has shifted the alignment of the final drive bevel pinion shaft from its normal attitude LO to LN, in which circumstances the propeller shaft would be subjected to severe bending loads were it not for the universal joints at O and M.
在示图中，弹簧的收卷已经将主减速器的圆锥小齿轮轴从正常属性LO转换到LN，在这种情况下，如果不是万向节在O 和M 位置的话，传动轴就会承受到巨大的弯曲负荷。
When the axle moves upwards relative to the carriage unit, it must move in the arc of a circle whose centre is ***roximately the axis of the pivot pin at the front end of the spring.
当车桥做相对于车架单元的向上移动时，它必须是在一个圆的圆弧上移动，这个圆的圆心大概在弹簧前端曲轴销的轴上。
The propeller shaft, on the other hand, must move on the arc of a circle centred on its front universal joint.
另一方面，驱动轴必须在以它的前万向节为圆心的圆上做圆弧运动。
Because these two centres are not coincident, the distance between the front universal joint and the forward end of the bevel pinion shaft will vary as the propeller shaft swings up and down.
由于这两个圆心并不在同一个位置上，当驱动轴上下摆动时，前万向节和圆锥小齿轮轴的前末端之间的距离不发生变化。
This variation is accommodated by the incorporation of a sliding joint somewhere in the drive line between the gearbox output shaft and bevel pinion in the axle.
在车桥内变速箱输出轴和圆锥小齿轮之间的传动轴装置上，某个位置的滑动接头共同调节这个变化。
Usually a sliding splined coupling is formed on a fork of one of the universal joints, but sometimes a universal joint of the pot type, as for example in Fig. 26.12, is used.
通常情况下，在其中一个万向节叉上就可以构成一个的滑动的齿槽联轴节， 但是有时候则使用球笼式万向节，如示图26.12。
The example illustrated is the Birfleld Rzeppa constant-velocity joint, another would be the very neat and simple universal joint used on the inner ends of the swinging halfshafts of the 1955 Fiat 600 rear-engine car.
示图中为球笼式等速万向节，而在1955菲亚特600后置发动机汽车上，摇摆半轴的内端上使用的万向节则非常轻巧简单。<
In the latter instance a rubber joint at the outboard end of each shaft accommodated the cyclic variations in velocity.
在下一个示图中，各个轴的外端上的橡胶接头则用来调节速度的周期性变化。
Rotation of the axle about a longitudinal axis, for example if one wheel only rises, is accommodated mainly by flexure of the springs, in a torsional sense, of rubber bushes, and by deflections of the shackles or within clearances in sliding end fittings.
如当只有一个车轮抬起时，则主要由弹簧的弯曲，从扭矩上说，橡胶衬套的弯曲，和钩链挠度或在滑动端连接件间的间隙来调节纵轴的轴转动。
For cross-country vehicles, however, special forms of connection of the spring ends to the frame are sometimes used to isolate the springs from such twisting effects.
但是对于越野汽车，弹簧端连接到车架的特殊连接形式有时用于防止弹簧受到扭曲影响。
Figs 37.13 to 37.15.
示图37.13 到示图 37.15。
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